NursingStudyHub

Author: Liu

  • Thiazide diuretics  EXAMPLES  Bendroflumethiazide 

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    MECHANISM OF ACTION InhibitNa+/Cl symporter in the distal convoluted tubules thereby reducing Na+ reabsorption and reducing water reabsorption. INDICATIONS Hypertension. Oedema in heart failure. CAUTIONS AND CONTRA-INDICATIONS Electrolyte disturbances (including refractory hypokalaemia, hyponatraemia, hypercalcaemia and symptomatic hyperuricaemia). Addison’s disease. Avoid in breastfeeding mothers due to suppression of lactation. SIDE-EFFECTS Postural hypotension. Hyponatraemia. Hypokalaemia. Hyperuricaemia (e.g. gout).…

  • Statins  EXAMPLES  Simvastatin, atorvastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin

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    MECHANISM OF ACTION  Inhibition of HMG CoA reductase, preventing the hepatic conversion of mevalonic acid to cholesterol. Reduced cholesterol synthesis in the liver results in decreased plasma LDL. INDICATIONS Prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerotic disease or diabetes mellitus. Primary hyperlipidaemia CAUTIONS AND CONTRA-INDICATIONS Active liver disease (caution needed in patients with alcohol…

  • Potassium channel activators  EXAMPLES 

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    Nicorandil MECHANISM OF ACTION  Dual mechanism of action. Opens ATP-sensitive Kþ channels resulting in smooth muscle relaxation, thereby promoting arterial vasodilatation and reducing afterload. Nitric oxide moiety activates guanylyl cyclase to achieve venous relaxation and a reduction in preload. Direct effects on coronary arteries are also seen. INDICATIONS Prophylaxis and treatment of angina CAUTIONS AND…

  • Nitrates  EXAMPLES  Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN)

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    MECHANISM OF ACTION  Metabolised to nitric oxide that activates guanylyl cyclase, increasing production of cGMP in vascular tissues. This secondary messenger causes smooth muscle relaxation resulting in coronary artery dilatation (increasing oxygen supply to myocardium) and systemic vasodilatation (reducing preload and thereby reducing oxygen demand). INDICATIONS Prophylaxis and treatment of angina LVF CAUTIONS AND CONTRA-INDICATIONS…

  • Low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) 

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    EXAMPLES  Dalteparin, enoxaparin, tinzaparin MECHANISM OF ACTION  Activate antithrombinIII(serine protease inhibitor)thus inhibiting factors IIa (thrombin) and Xa in the common pathway of the clotting cascade. Secondary effects mediated by impairing adhesion and aggregation of platelets. INDICATIONS Prevention of VTE. Treatment of VTE and acute coronary syndrome/MI. Prevention of clotting in extracorporeal circuits CAUTIONS AND CONTRA-INDICATIONS…

  • Loop diuretics 

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    EXAMPLES  Furosemide, bumetanide MECHANISM OF ACTION  Inhibits the reabsorption of Na+ and Cl in the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle by inhibiting the Na+/K+/2Cl co-transporter. This results in increased Naþ excretion and free water clearance, thereby reducing preload. INDICATIONS  Pulmonary oedema is secondary to LVF. Chronic heart failure CAUTIONS AND CONTRA-INDICATIONS Severe hypokalaemia/hyponatraemia. Hypovolaemia.…

  • Inotropic sympathomimetics 

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    EXAMPLES  Adrenaline, dopamine, dobutamine, isoprenaline MECHANISM OF ACTION  Actions vary depending on which receptors are stimulated. Adrenalineactsona-(peripheral vasculature)and-adrenoceptors(myocardium), producing positive inotropic and chronotropic effects. Low-dose dopamine and dobutamine stimulate b1-adrenoceptors in the myocardium, predominantly increasing contractility. INDICATIONS  Cardiogenic shock. Septic shock. Acute hypotension. Cardiac arrest (adrenaline) CAUTIONS AND CONTRA-INDICATIONS Phaeochromocytoma (dopamine). Atrial and ventricular tachyarrhythmias…

  • Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors 

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    EXAMPLES  Tirofiban, eptifibatide MECHANISM OF ACTION  a non-peptide antagonist that prevents fibrinogen from binding to the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor, thus blocking platelet aggregation. INDICATIONS Unstable angina/non-ST elevation MI (given with aspirin and heparin). Reduce the immediate risk of vascular occlusion in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention CAUTIONS AND CONTRA-INDICATIONS Active bleeding. Major surgery or trauma…

  • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DRUGS-2

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    CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DRUGS-2 LVF = Left ventricular failure U&Es = Urea and electrolytes  GFR = Glomerular filtration rate t½ = Half-life VTE = Venous thromboembolism cGMP =Cyclic guanosine monophosphate HMG CoA =3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A MAO = Monoamine oxidas DVT = Deep vein thrombosis COMT = Catechol-O-methyl transferase PE = Pulmonary embolism VTE = Venous thromboembolism OCP = Oral contraceptive pil Fibrinolytics  EXAMPLES  Streptokinase, alteplase, reteplase, tenecteplase MECHANISM OF…

  • Prevention of Surgical Infections NR505 Analysis and Application of Clinical Practice Guideline: Prevention of Surgical Infections

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    Introduction Surgical site infections (SSIs) represent a significant challenge in the healthcare sector, impacting patient outcomes, increasing healthcare costs, and extending hospital stays. Despite advancements in surgical techniques and infection control measures, SSIs remain one of the most common nosocomial infections, occurring in approximately 2-5% of patients undergoing inpatient surgery (Centers for Disease Control and…