Author: Liu

In 1970 she began developing her Systems Model as a way to teach introductory nursing to students by giving them a holistic view of patients that included the physiological, psychological, sociological, and developmental aspects. It was first developed as a graduate course guide, and in 1972, the May/June edition of Nursing Research published “A model for teaching total person…

Levine developed the Four Conservation Principles. In this model, the goal of nursing is to promote adaptation and maintain wholeness using the principles of conservation. The model guides nurses to focus on the influences and responses at the level of the organism. Nurses accomplish the theory’s goal through the conservation of energy, structure, and personal and…

Madeleine Leininger’s theory of Transcultural Nursing, also known as Culture Care Theory, falls under both the category of a specialty, as well as a general practice area. The theory has now developed into a discipline in nursing. The Transcultural Nursing theory first appeared in Leininger’s Culture Care Diversity and Universality, published in 1991, but it was developed in…

Imogene King’s Theory of Goal Attainment was first introduced in the 1960s. The basic concept of the theory is that the nurse and patient communicate information, set goals together, and then take actions to achieve those goals. It describes an interpersonal relationship that allows a person to grow and develop in order to attain certain…

The Maternal Role Attainment Theory, a mid-range theory, was developed to serve as a framework for nurses to provide appropriate health care interventions for nontraditional mothers in order for them to successfully adopt a strong maternal identity. Though this theory can be used throughout pregnancy and after childbirth to help mothers connect with their babies, it…

Nursing has adapted his helping theory as a successful tool in nursing theory to improve the care provided to clients. Most clients require teaching and adapting, and his theory is a great measuring tool on the success of the client/nurse interaction. Dr. Carkhuff believes all relationship are helper/helpee relationships of some sort. Certainly, the client…

Ernestine Wiedenbach developed the conceptual model of nursing called the Helping Art of Clinical Nursing, which was influenced by the works of Ida Orlando. In her model of nursing, she explains that nursing is the practice of identification of a patient’s need for help through the observation of presenting behaviors and symptoms, exploration of the meaning of…

Nola Pender developed her Health Promotion model, often abbreviated HPM, after seeing professionals intervening only after patients developed acute or chronic health problems. She became convinced that patients’ quality of life could be improved by the prevention of problems before this occurred, and health care dollars could be saved by the promotion of healthy lifestyles.…

Ida Jean Orlando’s Deliberative Nursing Process is set in motion by the behavior of the patient. According to the theory, all patient behavior can be a cry for help, both verbal and non-verbal, and it is up to the nurse to interpret the behavior and determine the needs of the patient. The Deliberative Nursing Process has five…

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse created the Human Becoming Theory of Nursing, which guides nurses to focus on quality of life from each person’s own perspective as the goal of nursing. It presents an alternative to most of the other theories of nursing, which take a bio-medical or bio-psycho-social-spiritual approach. It was first published in 1981 as the…