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MECHANISM OF ACTION  Metabolised to nitric oxide that activates guanylyl cyclase, increasing production of cGMP in vascular tissues. This secondary messenger causes smooth muscle relaxation resulting in coronary artery dilatation (increasing oxygen supply to myocardium) and systemic vasodilatation (reducing preload and thereby reducing oxygen demand). INDICATIONS Prophylaxis and treatment of angina LVF CAUTIONS AND CONTRA-INDICATIONS…

EXAMPLES  Dalteparin, enoxaparin, tinzaparin MECHANISM OF ACTION  Activate antithrombinIII(serine protease inhibitor)thus inhibiting factors IIa (thrombin) and Xa in the common pathway of the clotting cascade. Secondary effects mediated by impairing adhesion and aggregation of platelets. INDICATIONS Prevention of VTE. Treatment of VTE and acute coronary syndrome/MI. Prevention of clotting in extracorporeal circuits CAUTIONS AND CONTRA-INDICATIONS…

EXAMPLES  Furosemide, bumetanide MECHANISM OF ACTION  Inhibits the reabsorption of Na+ and Cl in the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle by inhibiting the Na+/K+/2Cl co-transporter. This results in increased Naþ excretion and free water clearance, thereby reducing preload. INDICATIONS  Pulmonary oedema is secondary to LVF. Chronic heart failure CAUTIONS AND CONTRA-INDICATIONS Severe hypokalaemia/hyponatraemia. Hypovolaemia.…

EXAMPLES  Adrenaline, dopamine, dobutamine, isoprenaline MECHANISM OF ACTION  Actions vary depending on which receptors are stimulated. Adrenalineactsona-(peripheral vasculature)and-adrenoceptors(myocardium), producing positive inotropic and chronotropic effects. Low-dose dopamine and dobutamine stimulate b1-adrenoceptors in the myocardium, predominantly increasing contractility. INDICATIONS  Cardiogenic shock. Septic shock. Acute hypotension. Cardiac arrest (adrenaline) CAUTIONS AND CONTRA-INDICATIONS Phaeochromocytoma (dopamine). Atrial and ventricular tachyarrhythmias…

EXAMPLES  Tirofiban, eptifibatide MECHANISM OF ACTION  a non-peptide antagonist that prevents fibrinogen from binding to the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor, thus blocking platelet aggregation. INDICATIONS Unstable angina/non-ST elevation MI (given with aspirin and heparin). Reduce the immediate risk of vascular occlusion in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention CAUTIONS AND CONTRA-INDICATIONS Active bleeding. Major surgery or trauma…

Introduction Surgical site infections (SSIs) represent a significant challenge in the healthcare sector, impacting patient outcomes, increasing healthcare costs, and extending hospital stays. Despite advancements in surgical techniques and infection control measures, SSIs remain one of the most common nosocomial infections, occurring in approximately 2-5% of patients undergoing inpatient surgery (Centers for Disease Control and…

1. Antihistamines Active Ingredient: Diphenhydramine Uses: Relief from runny nose Alleviates itchy or watery eyes Special Considerations: Has sedative and anticholinergic effects that can cause drowsiness. Only doses that cause significant sedation can suppress a cough. Caution: Antihistamines should not be the first line of treatment for a common cold as they may complicate the…

  1. Define Diagnostic Reasoning:Diagnostic reasoning is a critical thinking process used by healthcare providers to assess and interpret patient information in order to make accurate clinical decisions. It involves systematically gathering both subjective and objective data, analyzing the information, formulating potential diagnoses (differential diagnoses), and ultimately identifying the most probable diagnosis based on the…

  Introduction Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a significant public health concern due to its widespread prevalence and potential to cause severe health complications. This essay provides an overview of the pathophysiology, incidence, prevalence, and clinical presentation of hypertension, based on the guidelines provided by the American College of Cardiology (ACC)…

  Chapter 14: Introduction to Health Promotion and Health Protection (pp. 161-163) Chapter 20: Sleep (pp. 283-284) Chapter 22: Immunizations (pp. 306-317) Chapter 44: Common Pediatric Injuries and Toxic Exposures (pp. 919-933) Nurse Practitioner Roles: Pediatric Nurse Practitioner (PNP): Focuses on health promotion, protection, and disease prevention in children. Primary Care Nurse Practitioner (PCNP): Manages…