Category: Uncategorized

The whole-school approach is difficult to evaluate since a large number of complex components must be considered and all target groups must be included. Some evaluation studies do, however, show promising results indicating that a whole-school approach can positively impact staff development and the social climate of school and in some cases also positively influence…

The reason why a whole-school approach is found to be important is that a supportive school environment may be considered a resource for the development of health-enhancing behaviors, health, and subjective wellbeing, while a nonsupportive school environment may constitute a risk. Within this perspective of resource/ risk, students’ satisfaction with school constitutes a key element,…

Complementary and alternative medicine are widely available, but mostly outside the formal health system. There are no indigenous types of medical treatment, but many types of alternative medicine including acupuncture, Ayurveda, and ‘new age’ healing methods have been introduced. As these services are largely outside the formal health systems, there are few official statistics on…

Governance takes place at the municipality and regional level, but within nationally set rules and guidelines (see Table 1). There are institutionalized forums for negotiation between decentralized authorities and the state. In Denmark this negotiation takes place annually as part of the budget negotiations for the municipalities and regions. The Associations of Municipalities and Regions…

Traditionally, the political culture of the Scandinavian countries has been based on broadly social democratic policies, with health systems built on the principles of universality and equity: all inhabitants have the same access to health services, whatever their social status or geographic location. This strong emphasis on equity has been combined with a tradition of…

A range of molecular biological tools based on characterization of the genotype of the organism by analysis of plasmid and chromosomal DNA have now been developed either to supplement the more traditional phenotypic methods of typing (serotyping, phage typing, biotyping) or, in some cases, as methods of discrimination in their own right (see Threlfall, 2005b;…

A variety of phenotypic methods have been used both independently and in combination for subdivision within serovars. Those currently in use include bacteriophage typing (phage typing) and resistance (antibiogram) typing. Bacteriophage Typing The underlying principle of phage typing is the host specificity of bacteriophages and on this basis several phage-typing schemes have been developed for…

Certain other serovars – for example, Blegdam, Bredeney, Cholerae-suis, Dublin, and Virchow – are also invasive but tend to cause pyemic infections and to localize in the viscera, meninges, bones, joints, and serous cavities. In developed countries many other serovars may also be invasive in certain circumstances, often related to the infective dose and the…

A growing interdisciplinary literature informs our understanding of how individuals perceive and respond to public health risk communication. In particular, research has focused on the cognitive mechanisms through which individuals are exposed to and attend to information about risk, how they interpret risk information in relation to themselves, and whether and how they act upon…

Equally important is recognition of the pivotal role frequently played by the mass media in distributing public health risk communication messages and, consequently, their potential influence on subsequent events. This fact is emphasized by the range of major public health organizations (e.g., Thesenvitz, 2000; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2002; World Health Organization,…