Category: Uncategorized
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Within-Race-Group Genetic Variation Is Much Greater Than Variation Among ‘Races’
Starting with Lewontin (1972), studies have statistically apportioned variation in different genetic systems to different levels: among ‘races’ and within ‘races’ and smaller populations such as the Hopi, the Ainu, and the Irish. Lewontin collected data on blood group polymorphisms in different groups and races. He found that blood group variation between races statistically explains…
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The Lived Experience Of Racialization And Racism
In part due to the emergence of social epidemiology in the later part of the twentieth century (Krieger, 2001), the impact of dietary habits, stress, work conditions, and other aspects of daily life on health are clearer to both professional and various publics. Part of the work in this field has pointed toward how life-long…
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Race’ And Health Inequalities: Two Causal Pathways
In the United States, where data on ‘race’ are routinely collected, researchers continue to find consistent, persistent, and usually marked disparity in nearly every indicator of wealth and health by race (Smedley et al., 2003). While there are some counterfactual findings and race-based health disparities that may be less glaring than in other countries, the…
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Cryptosporidiosis, Giardiasis, and Other Intestinal Protozoan Diseases Research Paper Introduction
Diarrhea is a very common illness, especially in the developing world, and is frequently experienced by travelers. Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Isospora, Giardia, amoeba, and Sarcocystis are pathogenic protozoan parasites that can cause these gastrointestinal illnesses. Commensal parasites are also relatively common in developing countries and less frequently identified in the developed world. Worldwide, Giardia is the…
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Immunosuppression As An Individual Risk Factor
Immunosuppression is the major individual risk factor facilitating the development of disease from infection, particularly that caused by HIV infection. The spread of HIV to rural areas where VL is endemic, and the spread of VL to suburban areas, has resulted in a progressively increasing overlap between the two diseases, initially in the Mediterranean basin,…
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General Epidemiology Of Leishmaniasis Parasite
Leishmania are dimorphic parasites that present as two principal morphological stages: the intracellular amastigote, in the cells of the mammalian host mononuclear phagocyte system, and the flagellated promastigote, in the intestinal tract of the insect vector. Since the first Leishmania species was described (Laveran and Mesnil, 1903), the number of species has increased steadily, and…
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Is The Parasite Likely To Be Drug-Resistant?
In most areas of the world where malaria is transmitted, it is caused by drug-resistant parasites (Table 6). Antimalarial resistance has been described in all species of Plasmodium infecting humans, except P. ovale. P. falciparum resistance to most antimalarials, with the exception of artemisinin derivatives, has been documented. However, in only a few of these…
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There are three cardinal questions that must be addressed for optimal management of malaria: Is the infection caused by P. falciparum? Is the malaria complicated or severe? Is the parasite likely to be drug-resistant? The answers to these questions will greatly influence the decisions made in managing these patients.
Malaria And HIV Co-Infection Current evidence supports that HIV and malaria each negatively affect the outcome and course of the other. It has been suggested that HIV-related immune suppression compromises innate host malaria clearance mechanisms. In regions where malaria transmission is low or unstable, HIV-positive adults with malaria are two to fivefold more likely to…
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Disorders Of Sexual Development
Although some of the conditions associated with disorders of sexual development are diagnosed at birth or in early childhood (for example, girls with ambiguous genitalia at birth due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia, girls with descended testes due to the complete androgen insensitivity syndrome, children with ambiguous genitalia at birth due to mixed gonadal dysgenesis, partial…
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Treatment Of T. Gondii In Pregnant Women And Newborns With Congenital Toxoplasmosis
Prenatal treatment consists of spiramycin and sulfonamides combined with pyrimethamine (Charpiat et al., 2006a,b,c). The effectiveness of spiramycin is doubtful (Peyron et al., 2000; Charpiat et al., 2006d). Prenatal treatment has no effect on maternal–fetal transmission of T.gondii or on clinical manifestations in infants infected with congenital toxoplasmosis (Gilbert et al., 2001; Gras et al.,…