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Symptomatic ocular infection with T. gondii is seen in immunocompetent persons who acquired infection after birth (Wilder, 1952; Holland, 2003). It was unclear for many years whether the burden of T. gondii ocular eye disease in adults was due to reactivation of congenital infection or to infection acquired after birth (Hogan, 1961). Initially, congenital infections…

The burden of congenital toxoplasmosis in Europe has recently been reviewed (Be´nard and Salmi, 2006a). The lowest incidence of maternal infection was observed in the northern European countries (from 0.13% in Norway to 0.5% in Sweden), and the highest incidence was reported from France of 1.5% and 1.6% (Ancelle and Goulet, 1996; Jeannel et al.,…

The first human case ascribed to infection with T.gondii was a child with hydrocephalus reported by Janku in 1923 ( Janku, 1923). Sabin reported the first case of encephalitis due to T. gondii (Sabin, 1941), and encephalitis due to T. gondii in immunocompromised patients was first reported from patients with Hodgkin’s disease during immunosuppressive treatment…

In recent years there has been a great deal of interest in payment systems that reward performance. For example, doctors may receive bonuses based on performance targets, such as high immunization rates, or low surgical complication rates. Other payment systems reward providers according to how well they perform relative to their peers on various cost…

By defining what services, patients, and providers are eligible for payment, a provider payment system also inherently defines the degree of competitiveness in the market as well as the market boundaries. If the physician payments restrict which patients or services a doctor will be reimbursed for treating, this has important implications for incentives. Similarly, incentives…

Introduction There are many ways that health-care providers can be paid. In India, government physicians are paid a salary and in Canada physicians are generally paid according to a government-regulated fee schedule. In the Netherlands, however, office-based physicians receive capitated payments for much of their revenue. Similar variations are seen in payments to hospitals, which…

The large amount of circulating antibodies are fixed on the red blood cells facilitating the erythrophagocytosis, resulting in anemia. It also activates the complement system and cytokines, provoking increased vascular permeability. One of the classical anatomopathological lesions is a vasculitis with perivascular infiltrate of mononuclear cells and fibrinoid deposits on the walls of the blood…

Amebiasis is an infection caused by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. In contrast, nonpathogenic ameba that infect humans include E. dispar and E. moshkovskii (both morphologically identical to and easily confused with E. histolytica), E. coli, E. hartmanni, and Endolimax nana. Dientamoeba fragilis and E. polecki have been associated with diarrhea and E. gingivalis with…

Patients present with several days to weeks of gradual onset of abdominal pain and tenderness, diarrhea and occasionally bloody stools (Figure 3(a)). This is different from bacterial causes of dysentery, where patients usually only have 1 to 2 days of symptoms. Surprisingly, fever is present in only the minority of patients with amebic colitis. Colonic…

The typical patient with an amebic liver abscess in the United States is an immigrant, usually a Hispanic male, 20–40 years old, who presents with fever, right upper quadrant pain, leukocytosis, abnormal serum transaminases and alkaline phosphatase, and a defect on hepatic imaging study. Roughly 90% of patients with liver abscess are males. The abscess…