Answer:
In left-sided heart failure, the left ventricle fails to effectively pump blood, leading to pulmonary congestion. Key assessment findings include:
- Dyspnea (Shortness of Breath): Often worse with exertion or when lying flat, and may lead to paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (sudden shortness of breath during the night).
- Pulmonary Crackles: Fine crackling sounds heard during lung auscultation, indicating fluid in the alveoli.
- Cough: Persistent and often dry, potentially producing frothy or blood-tinged sputum in severe cases.
- Fatigue and Weakness: Due to reduced cardiac output and decreased oxygen supply to the tissues.
- Tachycardia: An increased heart rate as the heart compensates for decreased output.
- Cyanosis: Bluish discoloration of the skin, particularly in extremities, due to inadequate oxygenation.
In contrast, right-sided heart failure, which often follows left-sided heart failure or results from pulmonary conditions, leads to systemic congestion. Key findings include:
- Peripheral Edema: Swelling in the feet, ankles, and legs due to fluid buildup.
- Jugular Venous Distension (JVD): Visible distension of the jugular veins when the patient is at a 45-degree angle.
- Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver due to blood congestion, often causing right upper quadrant abdominal pain.
- Ascites: Fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity, leading to distension.
- Weight Gain: Rapid increase in weight due to fluid retention.
- Nocturia: Increased urination at night as the body reabsorbs fluids when lying down.
Difference: Left-sided heart failure primarily causes respiratory symptoms due to pulmonary congestion, while right-sided heart failure primarily causes systemic symptoms such as peripheral edema and organ enlargement due to fluid retention